According to T 1536/08 it is well-established in the jurisprudence of the boards of appeal (see inter alia J 7/82, T 94/84 and T 135/96) that the right to be heard enshrined in Art. 113(1) EPC also guarantees the right to have relevant grounds that could potentially influence the outcome taken into account in the written decision. A decision rejecting the opposition must therefore take into account the ground(s) for opposition raised as well as facts and evidence put forward in support of these grounds, including the cited prior art documents. Failure to consider evidence will normally constitute a substantial procedural violation of this fundamental right as it deprives the party of the right to have its case fully heard (see also T 1098/07 below). In the case at issue, the opposition division had completely ignored the unambiguous offer by the opponent in the notice of opposition to provide the original printed versions of crucial prior art documents. The failure to consider this offer constituted a violation of the right to be heard.

In T 1110/03 (OJ 2005, 302) the board held that Art. 117(1) EPC and Art. 113(1) EPC enshrined a basic procedural right generally recognised in the contracting states, i.e. the right to give evidence in appropriate form, specifically by the production of documents (Art. 117(1)(c) EPC), and the right to have that evidence heard (see also T 2294/12).

In T 1098/07 the board stated that failure to consider evidence will normally constitute a substantial procedural violation in that it deprives a party of basic rights enshrined in Art. 117(1) and Art. 113(1) EPC. In the board's opinion, certain factors may nevertheless mitigate the severity of the violation. Thus, whether or not a failure of the decision to expressly mention material offered by a party in support of its case constitutes a substantial procedural violation will depend on the (prima facie) significance and evidential value of such material. The questions to be asked are: what facts is it intended to prove, how relevant is it to these facts and how likely is it that it will prove them? In the case at issue, the failure to consider the evidence was a pardonable error that had not deprived the appellant of any fundamental rights.

In T 2294/12 one of the appellants' objections was that the proceedings before the examining division had been fundamentally flawed because the two sets of comparative tests that they had submitted during the written phase had been disregarded. The board noted that the decision under appeal gave no reason why the division had found the first set irrelevant and did not even mention the second, which had been submitted in response to the division's objections of a lack of novelty over a document D3. The board stated it was well established in the Boards' case law that the right to be heard also guaranteed the right to have relevant grounds that might influence the outcome taken into account in the written decision; moreover parties had the right both to give evidence in an appropriate form and to have it heard (see T 1110/03 above) unless that evidence had been expressly excluded. The board held that the examining division had denied the appellants their right to be heard.

In T 21/09 the board held that the opposition division had either (i) disregarded the experimental evidence submitted by the appellant as late-filed, or (ii) considered the evidence, but failed to give proper reasons why it did not support the alleged technical effects. In the first case, the patent proprietor had not been heard on the admission of the evidence, and, more importantly, the decision was absolutely silent about it. In the second case, the decision under appeal suffered from a severe deficiency in the reasons given by the opposition division for the adverse findings on inventive step. In either case, the decision could not be regarded as being in conformity with R. 111(2) EPC.

In T 2415/09 the appellant (patent proprietor) argued that new documents and experiments submitted by the respondent had only been transmitted to the appellant six weeks before the oral proceedings before the opposition division. The board said it could not comment on the exact period needed to conduct comparative experiments. Even if the periods specified in R. 132(2) EPC did not apply in the case in point (R. 116(1) EPC), they showed that a party could not be required to conduct comparative experiments in a period as short as six weeks. The board concluded that the opposition division had failed to respect the appellant's right to be heard.

In T 94/84 (OJ 1986, 337) the board held the right to be heard guarantees that grounds put forward are taken into consideration, and it is contravened if a translation, subsequently filed in an official language, of a Japanese document cited in due time is disallowed.

In T 2541/11 the appellant (opponent) submitted that the non-admission of a document without a full discussion as to its relevance violated its right to be heard. The board stated that a right to present all arguments as if the document had been admitted, instead of arguments as to why it should be admitted, amounted to a de facto admittance of the document, implying, contrary to Art. 114(2) EPC, that the board had no discretion to disregard a late-filed document. According to the board, the right to respond is not absolute but must be balanced inter alia against the need for procedural economy and due diligence that underpins Art. 114(2) EPC, which affords the board discretionary power to disregard evidence not submitted in due time.

See also chapter III.G.3.3. "Right to be heard".